Endocrinologists contribute to the care of sizable populations with di-abetes, thyroid disorders, obesity, metabolic syndrome, osteoprosis, dyslipidemia, pituitary disease, adrenal dis-ease, male and female reproductive disorders and menopausal women.1 Although endocrinology training began 22 years ago in the I.R. Iran, the supply and demand related issues surrounding clinical practice in endocrinology are relatively unknown. It is the purpose of this paper to address these issues and to recommend further actions needed in relation to endocrinology training.

Veterinary toxicology is one of the subspecialties of veterinary medicine. On the other hand, traditional medical sources also contain veterinary knowledge, entailing human medical information. In this study, we aimed to extract and present relevant information on the part of the history of veterinary medicine, especially veterinary toxicology, through research on Al-Razi’s book Al-Hawi fi Al-Tib. We queried keywords of poison, poisoning, animal, and related terms in Al-Hawi fi Al-Tib. Also, we searched international and domestic databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, and IranDoc, to obtain relevant data. Our results showed that Al-Razi directly mentioned the toxicity of ten toxic plants in the animals. It is suggested that Al-Razi has contributed to the knowledge of veterinary medicine and the subspecialty of veterinary toxicology in particular. Future studies recommended to vet other historical medical sources, including traditional medicine textbooks, to find relevant information about veterinary medicine and veterinary toxicology.

The Surgical treatment of neurovascular diseases in Shiraz has been carried out for more than 50 years. But since 2006, Shiraz department of neurosurgery started subspecialty program. Since then, more than 1000 patients with neurovascular diseases have treated in this department. Annually about 100 patients with intracranial aneurysms, 15 patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and 150 patients with hypertensive intraparanchymal hemorrhage are treated surgically, and about 20 patients with neurovascular anomalies are treated through endovascular approaches. Currently Shiraz Namazi Hospital has turned to the referral center for neurovascular diseases of southern areas of Iran. The neurovascular surgery department is equipped with 2 intensive care units (ICU) with 10 beds in each and a 30 bed ward. The neurovascular operating room is fully equipped with high-tech surgical microscope (ICG Angiography), microneurosurgery set, bypass set, vascular clip set and intraoperative Doppler sonography. Endovascular procedures are performed in Namazi Cat. Lab, which is equipped with digital subtraction angiography machine in collaboration with neuroradiologists and cardiologists. The results of the patients are favorable and comparable to the international lite rature.

Introduction: In the current research, it has been tried to qualitatively study all kinds of policies and measures necessary for alignment between teacher preparation programs and democratic social education competencies under the model of teacher education curricula, which include: direct (official) curriculum, Indirect curriculum, informal curriculum (implicit) and unstructured curriculum (hidden) should be identified in the educational system. Method: Qualitative approach and phenomenological method were used in this research. The field of research is Farhangian University of Hormozgan and the participants are  13  lecturers of this university. The sampling method is a combination of convenience and snowball sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. The information was analyzed using thematic analysis method and then using MAXQDA software... Result: The information was analyzed using the theme analysis method and then using MAXQDA software in the form of 2  overarching themes, 8 organizing themes and 25  basic themes. The results of this research showed the basic policies and measures for teacher preparation programs, in the form of two components, strategies and solutions of teacher training curricula, separated by curricula (formal, informal, informal, unstructured curriculum) and with the goal of preparing The formation of teachers has been identified in the educational system to realize the competencies of democratic social education. Conclusion: Therefore, examining the opportunities, facilities, and resources available to achieve these actions should be on the agenda of decision makers and educational planners. It is necessary to pay special attention to the strategies and solutions of teacher training curricula.

Background & Purpose: Promotion of Postgraduate Medical Education (PGME) is constantly one of the main concerns’ for medical education policy makers because of the key role of residents and graduated specialists/subspecialists in health care system. This study aimed to determine challenges, and potential solutions for promoting the PGME in Iran by exploring the expert’s implicit knowledge.Methods: in this applied qualitative research, Using purposive sampling, seven experts and key decision makers in Iran’s medical education system, selected, and invited to participate in panel of experts’ session. A panel was conducted in May 2015 for 120 minutes and the data analyzed by thematic framework approach.RESULTS: Challenges and associated solutions for promoting the PGME in Iran were identified in 10 main themes, 34 subthemes for challenges and 43 subthemes for proposed solutions. These themes were framed in three main tasks of stewardship in medical education system.10 main themes for key challenges and solutions; included goal and mission, systematic management, curriculum, residents, faculty members, resources and infrastructures, Program evaluation , developing new programs, and Presence in the International Arena , and intersectional cooperation .The main themes and subthemes were categorized within the framework of educational macro policy making, intra educational system governance, and intersectional leadership.Conclusion: This study, proposed some applied solutions to promote postgraduate medical education of the highest quality in response to community and health system demands.Revising the specialty/ subspecialty curriculum, reform in national system of resident’s admission, reform in resident’s evaluation system program accreditation, decentralization in educational development, admitting international residents, presence in international arena, and constant interaction with clinical research sectors are priority areas and potential solutions should be considered by medical education planners and decision makers.

Background and aim: Today, hospital waste is one of the problems facing human societies. Hospital waste contains toxic and dangerous compounds, infectious substances, biological microorganisms, toxic chemicals effluents (resulting from x-ray film processor and disinfectants) and pharmaceutical compounds. The absence of treatment and improper disposal can be a very dangerous to the environment and human’s health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of wastewater treatment and disposal condition and the quality of hospitals effluent of Mehr Hospital in Ahwaz.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive research studied the wastewater treatment and disposal systems condition and effluent quality in Mehr Hospital in Ahwaz. 12 mixed samples were collected and tested for pH, BOD, COD, TSS and TC in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants using the current standard methods, the EPA.Results: The results showed that Mehr hospital had the highest efficiency in removal of COD, BOD and TC. Mean removal of TSS, BOD, COD and TC in outlet %84, %87, %79 and %92, respectively. The mean value of free chlorine residual in outlet wastewater was 0.4 mg/L.Conclusion: The mean value of TSS, BOD, COD and TC in the outlet wastewater of the studied hospitals decline the maximum allowable threshold of the environmental conservation administration, which indicates the efficiency of wastewater treatment systems.

Background and Objective: Advanced educational systems in modern countries continuously revise their scientific objectives and activities to develop the students’ competency which in turn leads to provision of a more accurate and ideal care for patients in the real world environment. The aim of this study was to determine the neonatal subspecialty students’ perceptual experience of developmental care in their educational course.Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was carried out on 10 neonatal subspecialty students at Medical Universities of Tehran. The data was gathered through semi-structured interviews. After obtaining written consents, the interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data was analyzed through an inductive approach of content analysis. The strategies for results validation included continuous observations at the field site, and supervision and review of the analysis procedures by a research team.Results: The main themes were found as sufficiently qualified to admit the course, structural and functional constraints of education, challenges to curriculum, lack of structure and procedure of developmental care in health systems.Conclusion: It is suggested to revise the educational programs in the field of neonatology and perinatal conditions and provide appropriate educational programs to help graduates in getting ready for their new roles in developmental care.

Background: Little evidence exists regarding Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestone discriminatory ability. This short report describes variability in milestone scores by category to determine their utility in discerning high and low performers in a single Obstetrics and Gynecology residency. Methods: A Clinical Competency Committee (CCC) design was implemented with four subcommittees, each responsible for a predetermined milestones subset: Obstetrics, Gynecology, Ambulatory Practice, and Professional Activities. Milestone scores for 44 residents per year over four biannual evaluation cycles (2014-2016) were evaluated, for a total of 176 independent evaluations. Results: Findings indicate that discriminatory ability, assessed by variability between resident scores, differed by subcommittee. Subcommittees that were primarily tasked with evaluating clinical-and procedural-based milestones demonstrated lower discriminatory ability among trainees. Conclusion: Greater Professional Activity milestone variability indicates better differentiation,future research should determine correlation of these findings with other professionalism performance metrics and novel intervention strategies.